ລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມ

ລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມ, ສາທາລະນະລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມ, ຫຼື ປະເທດສັງຄົມນິຍົມ, ບາງຄັ້ງກໍ່ເອີ້ນວ່າ ລັດຄົນງານ ຫຼື ສາທາລະນະລັດກຳມະກອນ, ແມ່ນ ລັດ ທີ່ມີອະທິປະໄຕ ຕາມລັດຖະທຳມະນູນທີ່ອຸທິດຕົນໃຫ້ແກ່ການສ້າງຕັ້ງ ລັດທິສັງຄົມ ນິຍົມ. ຄຳວ່າ ລັດຄອມມິວນິສ ມັກຖືກໃຊ້ເປັນຄຳສັບຄ້າຍຄືກັນໃນ ພາກຕາເວັນຕົກ, ໂດຍສະເພາະເມື່ອກ່າວເຖິງລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມ ພັກດຽວ ທີ່ປົກຄອງໂດຍ ພັກກອມມູ ນິດມາກ-ເລນິນ, ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່າປະເທດເຫຼົ່ານີ້ຈະເປັນລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມຢ່າງເປັນທາງການໃນຂະບວນການສ້າງ ສັງຄົມນິຍົມ ແລະກ້າວໄປສູ່ສັງຄົມຄອມມູນິດ. ປະເທດເຫຼົ່ານີ້ບໍ່ເຄີຍພັນລະນາຕົນເອງວ່າເປັນ ຄອມມິວນິສ ຫຼືວ່າໄດ້ປະຕິບັດ ສັງຄົມຄອມມິວນິດ.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] ນອກຈາກນັ້ນ, ຫຼາຍໆປະເທດທີ່ເປັນ ລັດທຶນນິຍົມ ຫຼາຍພັກ ກໍ່ ອ້າງເຖິງລັດທິສັງຄົມນິຍົມໃນລັດຖະທຳມະນູນຂອງຕົນ, ໃນກໍລະນີສ່ວນຫຼາຍແມ່ນເວົ້າເຖິງການສ້າງສັງຄົມນິຍົມ, ຕັ້ງຊື່ສັງຄົມນິຍົມ, ອ້າງວ່າເປັນລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມ, ຫຼືລວມເຖິງຄຳວ່າ ສາທາລະນະລັດປະຊາຊົນ ຫຼື. ສາທາລະນະລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມ ໃນຊື່ເຕັມຂອງປະເທດຂອງພວກເຂົາ, ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່ານີ້ບໍ່ຈໍາເປັນຕ້ອງສະທ້ອນເຖິງໂຄງສ້າງແລະເສັ້ນທາງການພັດທະນາຂອງລະບົບການເມືອງແລະເສດຖະກິດຂອງປະເທດເຫຼົ່ານີ້. ໃນປັດຈຸບັນ, ປະເທດເຫຼົ່ານີ້ປະກອບມີ Algeria,^[5] ບັງກະລາເທດ,^[6] Guyana,^[7] ອິນເດຍ,^[8] ເນປານ,^[9] Nicaragua,^[10] ສີລັງກາ^[11] ແລະ Tanzania.^[12]

↑ The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945–1990.
↑ From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation.
↑ Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy.
↑ Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition.
↑ Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (28 November 1996): "Gathered in the national movement and later within the National Front of Liberation, the Algerian people have made great sacrifices to assume their collective destiny in the framework of recovered freedom and cultural identity and to build authentic people's democratic constitutional institutions. The National Front of Liberation crowned the sacrifices of the best sons of Algeria during the people's war of liberation with independence and built a modern and full sovereign State".
↑ Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (4 November 1972): "Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process, a socialist society free from exploitation, a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedoms, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens".
↑ Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the Constitution of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana (20 February 1980): "Convinced that the organisation of the State and society on socialist principles is the only means of ensuring social and economic justice for all of the people of Guyana; and, therefore, being motivated and guided by the principles of socialism".
↑ Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of India (26 November 1949): "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens".
↑ Article 4, Section 1 of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (20 September 2015): "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state".
↑ Article 5, Section 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua (1 January 1987): "Liberty, justice, respect for the dignity of the human person, political and social pluralism, the recognition of the distinct identity of the indigenous peoples and those of African descent within the framework of a unitary and indivisible state, the recognition of different forms of property, free international cooperation and respect for the free self-determination of peoples, Christian values, socialist ideals, and practices based on solidarity, and the values and ideals of the Nicaraguan culture and identity, are the principles of the Nicaraguan nation. [...] The socialist ideals promote the common good over individual egoism, seeking to create an ever more inclusive, just and fair society, promoting an economic democracy which redistributes national wealth and eliminates exploitation among human beings".
↑ Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (7 September 1978): "[T]o constitute Sri Lanka into a democratic socialist republic whilst ratifying the immutable republican principles of representative democracy, and assuring to all peoples freedom, equality, justice, fundamental human rights and the independence of the judiciary".
↑ Article 3, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (25 April 1978): "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy".

[The_Economics_of_Socialism_after_World_War_Two:_1945-1990-1] The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945–1990.

[Ramsay-2] From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation.

[Rosser-3] Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy.

[Williams_1983_289-4] Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition.

[5] Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (28 November 1996): "Gathered in the national movement and later within the National Front of Liberation, the Algerian people have made great sacrifices to assume their collective destiny in the framework of recovered freedom and cultural identity and to build authentic people's democratic constitutional institutions. The National Front of Liberation crowned the sacrifices of the best sons of Algeria during the people's war of liberation with independence and built a modern and full sovereign State".

[6] Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (4 November 1972): "Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process, a socialist society free from exploitation, a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedoms, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens".

[7] Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the Constitution of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana (20 February 1980): "Convinced that the organisation of the State and society on socialist principles is the only means of ensuring social and economic justice for all of the people of Guyana; and, therefore, being motivated and guided by the principles of socialism".

[8] Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of India (26 November 1949): "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens".

[9] Article 4, Section 1 of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (20 September 2015): "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state".

[10] Article 5, Section 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua (1 January 1987): "Liberty, justice, respect for the dignity of the human person, political and social pluralism, the recognition of the distinct identity of the indigenous peoples and those of African descent within the framework of a unitary and indivisible state, the recognition of different forms of property, free international cooperation and respect for the free self-determination of peoples, Christian values, socialist ideals, and practices based on solidarity, and the values and ideals of the Nicaraguan culture and identity, are the principles of the Nicaraguan nation. [...] The socialist ideals promote the common good over individual egoism, seeking to create an ever more inclusive, just and fair society, promoting an economic democracy which redistributes national wealth and eliminates exploitation among human beings".

[11] Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (7 September 1978): "[T]o constitute Sri Lanka into a democratic socialist republic whilst ratifying the immutable republican principles of representative democracy, and assuring to all peoples freedom, equality, justice, fundamental human rights and the independence of the judiciary".

[12] Article 3, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (25 April 1978): "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]